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读书笔记

lian@2024-06-17 #阅读笔记

Guns, Germs, and Steel

1, “查塔姆群岛是相对小而偏远的岛屿,仅能支持大约2000名狩猎采集者。由于没有其他可接近的岛屿可以殖民,莫里奥里人不得不留在查塔姆群岛,并学习如何与彼此相处。他们通过放弃战争来做到这一点,并通过阉割一些男性婴儿来减少因人口过剩而引发的潜在冲突。结果是一个小型的、非战争性的群体,技术和武器简单,没有强有力的领导和组织。”

批注:狩猎采集型社会控制人口方式是“阉割男性”,就像是封建王朝宫廷里控制人口的方式,男性成为群体牺牲对象,男性失去了生殖能力,也失去了雄性激素带给男性的战斗力,而更现代的社会控制人口的方式是“堕胎”,这是否说明越是广泛的组织越需要强有力的战斗力和军事力量维护,男性变得不可或缺,男性打战,女性生育,都变成群体的牺牲对象。

2024.06.21

2,”西里尔字母(今天俄罗斯仍在使用的字母)是由希腊和希伯来字母改编而来的,由公元九世纪希腊传教士圣西里尔为斯拉夫人设计的。任何日耳曼语言(包括英语在内的语言家族)的首个保存下来的文本是用第四世纪主教乌尔菲拉在今天的保加利亚与西哥特人一起生活时创造的哥特字母书写的。像圣西里尔的发明一样,乌尔菲拉的字母是一种从不同来源借用的混合体:大约20个希腊字母,约5个罗马字母,以及两个字母要么取自如尼字母,要么由乌尔菲拉自己发明。“

批注:传教士们的贡献。

3,人类学家克劳德·列维-斯特劳斯说,古代书写的主要功能是“便于奴役其他人类”。

Technics and Civilization

2024.06.29

1, Peasants’ War of 1525, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War

2, In comparison with the effects of chemical action and the sun’s rays the human contribution is a small one. Genuine value lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be more valuable than a diamond, a deal table more valuable esthetically than the most tortuously carved one, and the juice of a lemon may be more valuable on a long ocean voyage than a hundred pounds of meat without it. The value lies directly in the life-function: not in its origin, its rarity, or in the work done by human agents. The miner’s notion of value, like the financier’s, tends to be a purely abstract and quantitative one.

3, The lathe was the woodman’s decisive contribution to the development of machines. First recorded among the Greeks, the primitive form of the lathe consisted of two fixed parts which hold the spindles that turn the wood.

4, The three-field system lingered in British agriculture.

5, Krupp and Creuseot.

6, Court of Montezuma or a Spanish Galleon.

7, Rabelais’s early conception of the Abbey of Theleme.

8, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages

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